67 lines
11 KiB
TeX
67 lines
11 KiB
TeX
%%%%%%%%%% Introduction %%%%%%%%%%
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\chapter*{Introduction to this Translation \\ \large On translating ancient texts}
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\markboth{Introduction to this Translation}{Introduction to this translation}
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\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Introduction to this Translation}
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Translations of the New Testament are plentiful — indeed, the vast majority of translations one can attain nowadays are much more professionally made and have had dozens of people working for hundreds upon hundreds of hours perfecting them. Therefore, it may come as a surprise to some that I — someone who has written what you are about to read in his free-time and who has never “professionally” studied Ancient Greek — would take it upon myself to write my own translation of one of the books of the New Testament.
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Thus, in order for you to understand why this particular translation exists and how it differs from other translations, I decided to write this introduction, detailing not only the philosophy behind the manner in which I translate texts, but also the recommended ways of reading my translation.
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\section*{Textual basis}
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\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Textual basis}
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As I do not have access to a large amount of funds, I was required to use a textual basis published in the public domain. Thankfully, a substantial amount of editions of the Greek New Testament are now available in the public domain, which means that there is not a shortage of texts to utilise; finding a digital edition of such a public domain text — that is itself in the public domain — was, however, a slightly more complicated task to accomplish.
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As luck would have it, however, a very kind man going by the name of Diego Santos has digitised the 1904 edition of Eberhard Nestle's \textit{Novum Testamentum Graece} and published it on his website (\url{https://sites.google.com/site/nestle1904/home}) in the public domain.
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Without the tremendous amount of effort he put into the digitisation of Nestle's 1904 edition, I would not have been able to produce this book. And whilst there have been a great number of revised editions of his work (as of \today, the most recent one is NA28, i. e. the \nth{28} edition), the changes are minor enough for me to look past them.
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\section*{Cultural issues}
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\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Cultural issues}
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Translating texts from another language is never as straight-forward as some people might believe; one cannot simply pick up a dictionary, start translating and expect to have a coherent result thereafter. I have met a number of people who sincerely believe that they will be able to study a language by solely learning vocabulary and leaving the acquisition of grammatical concepts to ``intuition''.
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Such approaches are — in my opinion — bound to fail, unless it is one's goal to part-take in a spelling contest in another language (as some people have, indeed, previously done).
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Instead, translating a text requires not only an at least somewhat firm grasp of the language's grammatical concepts — and how they might be translated properly without distorting their meaning too considerably —, but also an understanding of the source text and the cultural background of the people who speak the language being translated from.
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Of the above-mentioned skills, however, only two can be harnessed with relative ease, namely the attaining of a firm understanding of the grammatical concepts of the language and of the text being translated; the latter skill — (somewhat) extensive knowledge of the cultural background of the people who spoke the language — is slightly more difficult.
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For, indeed, we are unable to take a time-machine and live with the ancient Greeks — or, in this particular instance, those living at around 200 AD. It is, therefore, much more difficult to get an adequate understanding of the cultural background; yet it is still quite possible to get a decent understanding of it through reading history books and reading original texts from that time.
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Another aspect that needs considering is the fact that the general populace is most likely unaware of many of the cultural aspects of the people who lived during the time of the events of the New Testament; it is, therefore, imperative to assume that whoever is reading one's translation is oblivious to many of the cultural terms used in the text.
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The translator must, therefore, consider which terms are to be explained to the reader and which are not; for explaining every single ``strange'' term one encounters could lead to the text containing too much of one's personal opinions and viewpoints.
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Personally, I explain terms which a modern reader might be confused by (such as the Ancient Greek word δηνάριον, which is the equivalent of the modern-day penny), but do not generally explain those terms that might leave the ``uninitiated'' slightly mystified, but which make sense when one knows the basics of the Biblical story.
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\section*{Linguistic issues}
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\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Linguistic issues}
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Despite my having written that the obtaining of a decent understanding of the grammatical concepts of a language is relatively simple, it is, by no means, truly \textit{simple} — indeed, the word ``relatively'' is of great import in this sentence. This is especially true when it concerns the translating of a text, particularly one that — as you shall see in the chapter hereafter — contains a not insignificant amount of strange linguistic features.
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As the translator, I am forced to consider whether to translate what the original author wrote verbatim, or whether to change its meaning in English to abide by the rules of regular English prose. Frequently, I opt to present the reader with the literal translation and an alternative interpretation (in brackets); a matter I will more fully explain in the \textit{How to read this translation} section later on.
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Indeed, I try staying as close as I possibly can to the base text, as I do not want to ``disturb'' the original \ae sthetics of the prose. Yet, there are times where a literal translation would yield something so bizarre and utterly incomprehensible that a modern English speaker would be greatly mystified by it — and in such instances, I do take the liberty of slightly rephrasing the original sentence, all the while keeping the meaning intact as best I can.
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My particular approach to translation is a more literal one; this is especially true — and, in my opinion, important — when it concerns important documents such as, in this case, a religious text. The wrong translation — or, indeed, interpretation — may lead to an entirely different outcome; and as religious texts are abound in symbolism that is, frequently, open to interpretation, it is my goal to present the reader not with my own, personal world-view, but rather with an undiluted — but still pleasant-to-read — version of the base text in a language he can understand.
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Balancing the ``pleasant-to-read'' aspect of my translation with linguistic accuracy is a rather delicate task, however, and I generally prefer to err on the side of linguistic accuracy. Frequently, some authors of the New Testament books re-use the same phrases, expressions and words in close proximity, which is a practice frowned upon by most English speakers when reading prose; and even though I often have the ability to choose a slightly different word for the sake of diversity, I choose to, instead, — in the vast majority of instances, at any rate — use the same repetition as the original does too.
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\section*{How to read the translation}
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\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{How to read the translation}
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This translation differs substantially from others you might be used to, for it contains a not insignificant amount of notes within parentheses. This approach might be somewhat perplexing to those who are not used to it and I would, therefore, like to explain how to properly read parenthesised text.
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Indeed, there are, in actuality, several different types of parenthesised text, all fulfilling slightly different functions. In general, it can, however, be said that the text within parentheses contains my own opinions and interpretations that cannot be found in the base text; and as I do not wish to impose my world-view upon the reader — as mentioned earlier —, these personal viewpoints have been placed in brackets to clearly separate them from the base text.
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Should you wish to learn more about the various categories of notes, I shall herein explain them to you. We will begin by covering the ``explanatory type''; this particular category is used to explain strange or unusual text passages or words. An example of this would be the aforementioned ``denarius'' which is followed by an explanatory parenthesis clarifying its modern-day equivalent meaning (i. e. penny / cent).
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Another very frequently-used variety is the ``supplementary type''. This particular variety of parenthesised text is used whenever the author implies a certain meaning, but does not explicitly write it out; or where an additional phrase makes the sentence sound more natural in English. An example of this can be found in my translation of the Apocalypse in II:4-5, where the addition of ``I know'' (``[…] and (I know) that you cannot […] '') clarifies the meaning of the sentence.
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The next category of parenthesised text that we shall explore is the ``alternative reading type''. Anyone who has ever studied a second language for any length of time will be aware of the fact that words can — depending on context — be translated in a variety of ways. Therefore, whenever I felt that a word or phrase could be translated in a different manner, I add that alternative reading in parentheses behind the word or phrase it is referring to.
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Within the alternative reading type, there exists a subset I am unsure what to call — perhaps ``uncertain alternative reading type'' would be an adequate description. Whenever I suspect there could be a possible alternative reading but I am not entirely certain it actually \textit{could} be an alternative reading, I place the alternative text within parentheses and place a question mark thereafter.
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It should now have become evident that there exist a rather large number of notes to be found within parentheses immediately following the sentence, word or expression they are referring to. I have taken great inspiration from, what I would most certainly deem, the most accurate and simply the best German translation of the Bible — The Mengebibel. For, indeed, that particular translation of the — in this particular instance entire — Bible follows a similar style; and as I have found it to be a great pleasure to read, I decided to write something similar in English.
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I highly recommend \textit{always} reading the parenthesised text, as it not only provides the reader with alternative readings and explains terms that might be unknown to him, but it also adds words and phrases that makes the reading much more fluid and pleasant; the translation should, however, be perfectly readable when skipping the parenthesised text, though knowledge of the underlying Greek idioms might be needed in order to properly understand certain passages. |